{"id":230,"date":"2025-08-07T19:22:48","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T19:22:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/?page_id=230"},"modified":"2025-08-17T16:11:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-17T16:11:46","slug":"sql","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/index.php\/glossaire\/sql\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-300x300.png\" alt=\"Illustration pour le terme SQL\" class=\"wp-image-231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/SQL_illustration.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">SQL (Structured Query Language)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Cat\u00e9gorie : Bases de donn\u00e9es &amp; SQL<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL (prononc\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0ess-ki-elle\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0sequel\u00a0\u00bb) est un langage informatique standardis\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour interroger, manipuler et g\u00e9rer des bases de donn\u00e9es relationnelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u2019est le langage universel pour \u00ab\u00a0parler aux bases de donn\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb et leur demander :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>de <strong>retrouver<\/strong> des informations (SELECT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d\u2019<strong>ins\u00e9rer<\/strong> de nouvelles donn\u00e9es (INSERT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de <strong>modifier<\/strong> des valeurs (UPDATE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de <strong>supprimer<\/strong> des enregistrements (DELETE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>SQL est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 pour :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cr\u00e9er la structure<\/strong> des bases (CREATE TABLE)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>g\u00e9rer les droits<\/strong> d\u2019acc\u00e8s (GRANT)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>aggr\u00e9ger<\/strong>, <strong>trier<\/strong>, <strong>filtrer<\/strong>, <strong>joindre<\/strong> les donn\u00e9es\u2026<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Il est d\u00e9claratif : on d\u00e9crit ce qu\u2019on veut, pas comment l\u2019ordinateur doit le faire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemple d\u2019usage ou de contexte<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Un analyste veut conna\u00eetre les 10 clients ayant g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 le plus de chiffre d\u2019affaires cette ann\u00e9e.<br>Il \u00e9crit une requ\u00eate SQL comme :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kevinbatdorf-code-block-pro padding-bottom-disabled cbp-has-line-numbers\" data-code-block-pro-font-family=\"Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono\" style=\"font-size:1rem;font-family:Code-Pro-JetBrains-Mono,ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Monaco,Consolas,monospace;--cbp-line-number-color:#e1e4e8;--cbp-line-number-width:calc(1 * 0.6 * 1rem);line-height:1.25rem;--cbp-tab-width:2;tab-size:var(--cbp-tab-width, 2)\"><span style=\"display:block;padding:16px 0 0 16px;margin-bottom:-1px;width:100%;text-align:left;background-color:#24292e\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"54\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 54 14\"><g fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" transform=\"translate(1 1)\"><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#e1e4e833\" stroke=\"#e1e4e84d\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"26\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#e1e4e833\" stroke=\"#e1e4e84d\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><circle cx=\"46\" cy=\"6\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#e1e4e833\" stroke=\"#e1e4e84d\" stroke-width=\".5\"><\/circle><\/g><\/svg><\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" style=\"color:#e1e4e8;display:none\" aria-label=\"Copy\" class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button\"><pre class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-pre\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><textarea class=\"code-block-pro-copy-button-textarea\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\" readonly>SELECT\n  client_id, \n  SUM(montant) AS total_CA\nFROM ventes\nWHERE date >= '2025-01-01'\nGROUP BY client_id\nORDER BY total_CA DESC\nLIMIT 10;<\/textarea><\/pre><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"width:24px;height:24px\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path class=\"with-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M4.5 12.75l6 6 9-13.5\"><\/path><path class=\"without-check\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" d=\"M16.5 8.25V6a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.25-2.25H6A2.25 2.25 0 003.75 6v8.25A2.25 2.25 0 006 16.5h2.25m8.25-8.25H18a2.25 2.25 0 012.25 2.25V18A2.25 2.25 0 0118 20.25h-7.5A2.25 2.25 0 018.25 18v-1.5m8.25-8.25h-6a2.25 2.25 0 00-2.25 2.25v6\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><pre class=\"shiki github-dark\" style=\"background-color: #24292e\" tabindex=\"0\"><code><span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">SELECT<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\">  client_id, <\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\">  <\/span><span style=\"color: #79B8FF\">SUM<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\">(montant) <\/span><span style=\"color: #F97583\">AS<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> total_CA<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">FROM<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> ventes<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">WHERE<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #F97583\">date<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #F97583\">&gt;=<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #9ECBFF\">&#39;2025-01-01&#39;<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">GROUP BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> client_id<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">ORDER BY<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> total_CA <\/span><span style=\"color: #F97583\">DESC<\/span><\/span>\n<span class=\"line\"><span style=\"color: #F97583\">LIMIT<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\"> <\/span><span style=\"color: #79B8FF\">10<\/span><span style=\"color: #E1E4E8\">;<\/span><\/span><\/code><\/pre><span style=\"display:flex;align-items:flex-end;padding:10px;width:100%;justify-content:flex-end;background-color:#24292e;color:#d3d7dd;font-size:12px;line-height:1;position:relative\">SQL<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>En une seule requ\u00eate, il peut extraire une information m\u00e9tier utile, pr\u00eate \u00e0 \u00eatre analys\u00e9e ou visualis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemples de commandes SQL courantes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Cat\u00e9gorie<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Exemples<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lire<\/td><td>SELECT, FROM, WHERE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Filtrer<\/td><td>WHERE, BETWEEN, LIKE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trier<\/td><td>ORDER BY, LIMIT<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aggr\u00e9ger<\/td><td>GROUP BY, COUNT, SUM<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relier<\/td><td>JOIN, UNION<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modifier<\/td><td>INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cr\u00e9er<\/td><td>CREATE TABLE, ALTER<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi apprendre le SQL ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Il est <strong>indispensable en data analysis<\/strong>, business intelligence et data science.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Il est <strong>universel<\/strong> : tous les outils de reporting, ETL ou data science le comprennent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Il permet d\u2019<strong>acc\u00e9der directement aux donn\u00e9es sources<\/strong>, sans d\u00e9pendre de tiers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C\u2019est souvent la <strong>premi\u00e8re brique<\/strong> de la data literacy dans une entreprise.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Syst\u00e8mes &amp; outils utilisant SQL<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bases de donn\u00e9es relationnelles<\/strong> : PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, SQLite<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cloud<\/strong> : BigQuery, Snowflake, Redshift<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>BI &amp; analytics<\/strong> : Power BI, Looker, Metabase, Tableau<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Langages connect\u00e9s<\/strong> : Python, R, DAX, dbt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\ud83e\udde0<\/strong> \u00c0 retenir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">Le SQL est la <strong>langue commune de la donn\u00e9e relationnelle<\/strong>.<br>Savoir l\u2019utiliser, c\u2019est <strong>reprendre le pouvoir sur l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es<\/strong> et poser les bases de l\u2019analyse moderne.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SQL (Structured Query Language) Cat\u00e9gorie : Bases de donn\u00e9es &amp; SQL D\u00e9finition SQL (prononc\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0ess-ki-elle\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0sequel\u00a0\u00bb) est un langage informatique standardis\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour interroger, manipuler et g\u00e9rer des bases de donn\u00e9es relationnelles. C\u2019est le langage universel pour \u00ab\u00a0parler aux bases de donn\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb et leur demander : SQL est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 pour : Il est &#8230; <a title=\"SQL\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/index.php\/glossaire\/sql\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur SQL\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":15,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-230","page","type-page","status-publish"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SQL - Le Data Lab<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ledatalab.fr\/index.php\/glossaire\/sql\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SQL - Le Data Lab\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"SQL (Structured Query Language) Cat\u00e9gorie : Bases de donn\u00e9es &amp; SQL D\u00e9finition SQL (prononc\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0ess-ki-elle\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0sequel\u00a0\u00bb) est un langage informatique standardis\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour interroger, manipuler et g\u00e9rer des bases de donn\u00e9es relationnelles. 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SQL D\u00e9finition SQL (prononc\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0ess-ki-elle\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0sequel\u00a0\u00bb) est un langage informatique standardis\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour interroger, manipuler et g\u00e9rer des bases de donn\u00e9es relationnelles. C\u2019est le langage universel pour \u00ab\u00a0parler aux bases de donn\u00e9es\u00a0\u00bb et leur demander : SQL est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 pour : Il est ... 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